bu.reauc.ra.cy
bureaucracy的音标和读音:
DJ音标发音: [bjuˈrɔkrəsi:]
KK音标发音: [bjʊˈrɑkrəsi]
bureaucracy的词性:
n.(名词)
1. Administration of a government chiefly through bureaus or departments staffed with nonelected officials.
行政系统:主要通过有未经挑选的官员的政府机关局或处进行的行政管理
2. The departments and their officials as a group:
官僚:部门和其官员作为一整体的总称:
promised to reorganize the federal bureaucracy.
发誓整顿联邦官僚作风
3. Management or administration marked by diffusion of authority among numerous offices and adherence to inflexible rules of operation:
官僚主义:一种以在众多机构中拥有权威地位,并且固守着不变规则办事为特点的处理或管理:
“knew something about bureaucracy and those nameless, faceless forces that can crush the life's blood from the individual”(Rollene W Saal)
“了解一些关于官僚主义和那些无名的、无特征的,并能够将生命的原动力从个体中挤压出来的力量的情况”(罗里尼W萨尔)
4. An administrative system in which the need or inclination to follow complex procedures impedes effective action:
官僚制度:一套行政制度,需要或倾向于一个复杂的过程从而阻碍有效行动的行政制度:
innovative ideas that get bogged down in red tape and bureaucracy.
陷入繁文缛节和官僚制度中的创新方法
bureaucracy的词源:
5. French bureaucratie
法语 bureaucratie
6. bureau [office] * see bureau
bureau [办公室] *参见 bureau
7. -cratie [rule] from Old French * see -cracy
-cratie [规则,规章] 源自 古法语 *参见 -cracy