pen.al.ty

penalty的音标和读音：
DJ音标发音： [ˈpenəlti:]
KK音标发音： [ˈpɛnəlti]

penalty的词性：
n.（名词）

1. A punishment established by law or authority for a crime or an offense.
惩罚，刑罚，处罚：由法律或权力当局制订的对罪犯或犯法行为的惩罚

2. Something, especially a sum of money, required as a forfeit for an offense.
罚金：尤指一笔钱等受处罚而交纳的东西

3. The disadvantage or painful consequences resulting from an action or a condition:
不利结果，损失：由于某种行为或状况而导致的不利或令人痛苦的结果：

neglected his health and paid the penalty.
他忽视身体健康而自食苦果

4. Sports A punishment, handicap, or loss of advantage imposed on a team or competitor for infraction of a rule.
【体育运动】 罚球，罚分，罚下场：体育比赛中对犯规的赛队或运动员所施加的惩罚、障碍或不利条件

5. Often penalties Games Points scored in contract bridge by the opponents when the declarer fails to make a bid.
常作 penalties 【游戏】 桥牌罚分：桥牌中因未能叫牌而被对方减的罚分

penalty的词性：
n.attributive.（定语名词）

6. Often used to modify another noun:
常用于修饰其它名词：

a penalty kick; a penalty stroke.
罚球，罚点球；罚击

penalty的词源：

7. Middle English penalte
中古英语 penalte

8. from Old French penalite
源自 古法语 penalite

9. from Medieval Latin poen3lit3s
源自 中世纪拉丁语 poen3lit3s

10. from Latin poen3lis [penal] * see penal
源自 拉丁语 poen3lis [惩罚的] *参见 penal